1. A dash is placed when there is a pause in the so-called elliptical sentences (independently used sentences with missing predicate):To the left, in the corner, at the door, on a stool - a bucket of water for those who are thirsty.(Rem.); Behind the gate - the third parade ground, drill, of extraordinary size(Cupr.); Men - for axes ...(A. T.); And you are with your daughter?(Fed.); And in the door - jackets, overcoats, sheepskin coats ...(M.); Behind the night window - fog(Bl.); The Olympic flame is on our land!(Gas.); In the role of offended - small children; And then a moment's silence; Watermelons and melons - mountains; Cows - two; In response - complete silence; Ahead - A. Karpov.
In the absence of a pause, a dash is not put in an elliptical sentence: And in the house there is a knock, walking ...(Gr.); Suddenly there is a deep rut in front of me(L.); The creak of steps along the white streets, the lights in the distance(Fet); Khokhol is on fire! (M. G.); Revolver on the table!(K. T.); On the right is the door to the next room, on the left is the exit to the terrace(this is how remarks are made in plays); This is the whole point.
2. A dash is placed in incomplete sentences with parallelism of constructions (sentences or parts of a sentence): Turkin - next. The author follows(TV); Fence - no. Gate - no. There are no borders. In front of the house - a flower garden, a fence, behind - a square courtyard strewn with fresh sand(Cat.); Her [literature] beauty is in truth, its main meaning is in truth(Kor.); In all the windows - curious, on the roofs - the boys(A. T.); Instead of bread - a stone, instead of teaching - a mallet(S.‑SH.); Here - ravines, further - steppes, even further - desert, at the other end - forests, swamps, moss(Fed.); And above this plow - all the dreams, and under this plow - the whole earth, and the soul - as in the first moment of goodbye, and the soul - like the sail of a ship(Bl.); Oh, I want to live insanely, to perpetuate everything that exists, to humanize the impersonal, to embody the unfulfilled!(Bl.); Milk soup - for the first, pancakes with cottage cheese - for the second.
3. A dash is placed in incomplete sentences of a special structure, the basis of which is formed by two nouns- in the forms of the dative and accusative cases, without subject and predicate, with a clear intonation division into two parts: Skiers - a good base; Massam - culture; Youth is education. Usually such sentences are used as slogans and newspaper headlines.
4. A dash is placed in dissected (binary) headings, which are incomplete verbless sentences that contain words with the meaning of the subject / object of the action, circumstances (answer the questions: “who - what?”, “Who - where?”, “What - where?", "What - how?", "What - where?" etc.):Masters of Arts - youth; Tourism is for everyone; Detachments - on the road; Heroes are nearby; Cares and joys - in half; New books are hot.
5. A dash is placed in an incomplete sentence, which is part of a complex sentence, when the missing member (usually a predicate) is restored from the previous part of the phrase and a pause is made at the gap: Yermolai fired, as always, victoriously; i'm pretty bad(T.); A hummocky plain floated outside the car window, bushes ran, the distant ones slowly, the near ones raced(A. T.); The voices of the officers grew louder every minute, the words sharper, the arguments more irreconcilable.(Goal.); The world is illuminated by the sun, and man by knowledge(Last); Pick up a few more examples, which ones don't matter; In his eyes - how to get rid of me as soon as possible; Now I understand why he attracts everyone - inflexibility; We set to work cheerfully, they even enthusiastically; It was difficult to determine which of them was right and which was wrong.(cf. without auxiliary verb: It was hard to determine who was right and who was wrong);Some voted for the proposed resolution, while others voted against it.(cf.: Some voted for, others against.);It was dangerous to go further through the quagmire, and to stay too; Only steel alloys can withstand such a temperature, and from light metals, only titanium alloys; Great construction work lay ahead, and most importantly, the construction of a water supply system; You have been here for a long time, and I have only been here for a few days; Some work, pestering their business as common to all, others - trying to benefit only for themselves; Passengers ... stuffed suitcases, bags, bundles, carried pillows, some - to lie with their heads away from the window, some - to head to the window(Ros.); The pockets were double: the inner one was made of linen, the outer one was made of gray calico.(South.); One sodium atom replaces one hydrogen atom, one zinc atom replaces two hydrogen atoms, and one aluminum atom replaces three hydrogen atoms.
In the absence of a pause, a dash is not put in the place where a sentence member is skipped: Yegorushka looked at him for a long time, and he looked at Yegorushka.(Ch.); From of our battery, only Solyony will go on a barge, but we with a combat unit(Ch.); Alyosha looked at them, and they at him(Dost.); The thief has one sin, and the owner and I have ten(Sharp); …You make things long and I make things short(Leon.).
6. A dash is placed in parts of a complex sentence of the same type when a member is omitted (sometimes without a omission): They looked at each other: Raisky with cold curiosity, she with impudent triumph.(Gonch.); In everyone's life there was such a girl. One met his in the laboratory, the other - in the radio room, the third - in the geological party, the fourth - at sea, the fifth - in the sky, at the intersection of air roads(Hump.); Witnesses spoke in the courtroom in a hurry, in discolored voices, the judges spoke reluctantly and indifferently.(M. G.).
1. A dash is placed in an incomplete sentence when the missing member (usually a predicate) is restored from the text of the sentence itself and a pause is made at the gap, for example: Yakov came from Voronezh, Gavrila-from Moscow(A.N.T.); Some points are explained in the introduction, others-when the relevant theoretical questions are presented.
2. A dash is placed in parts of a complex sentence of the same type when a member is omitted or even without a omission, for example: It seemed to everyone that the life that he himself leads was one real life, and that a friend leads-there is only a ghost(L.T.).
3. A dash is placed when there is a pause in the so-called elliptical sentences (independently used sentences with a missing predicate), for example: On the table-a stack of books and even a flower(A.N.T.). But (with no pause): In the corner is an old leather sofa(Sim.). Usually a dash is placed in parts of a sentence of the same type, for example: In all windows-curious, on rooftops-boys(A.N.T.); Here- ravines, further- steppe, even further-desert.
Intonation and connecting dash
A dash is placed to indicate the place where a simple sentence breaks up into verbal groups, in order to clarify the semantic relationships between the members of the sentence; compare: it- hostel for workers; This is a hostel-for workers. Such a dash is called intonation.
The connecting dash is placed:
1. Between two or more words to indicate limits:
a) spatial: Moscow train- Mineral water; space flight earth- Venus;
b) temporary: geographical discoveries XV-XVI centuries, in July-August;
c) quantitative: there will be ten in the manuscript-twelve (10-12) pages; weighing three hundred-five hundred tons.
In these cases, the dash replaces the meaning of the word "from ... to". If, between two adjacent numerals, it is possible to insert a union according to the meaning or, then they are connected by a hyphen, for example: after two or three hours(but with a digital designation, a dash is put: after 2-3 hours).
2. Between two or more proper names, the totality of which is called any teaching, scientific institution, etc., for example: Dokuchaev's doctrine-Kostychev; Kant's cosmogonic theory-Laplace.
Punctuation marks in sentences with homogeneous members
homogeneous members,
Not united by unions
1. A comma is placed between homogeneous members of a sentence that are not connected by unions, for example: stirred, woke up, sang, rustled, spoke(T.); They said this and that.
Notes. 1. Do not put a comma:
a) between two verbs in the same form, indicating the movement and its purpose or forming a single semantic whole, for example: I'll come and visit(L.T.); Buy go(M.G.); Sits sewing;
b) in stable expressions, for example: For everything about everything scolds her(Cr.); talked about this and that.
2. They are not homogeneous members and are not separated by a comma, but are connected by a hyphen:
a) paired combinations of a synonymic nature, for example: there is no end to the edge, with joy-fun, mind-reason, truth-truth, clan-tribe, life-being, friend-friend, friend-comrade, friend-acquaintance, country-power, strength-power, customs-orders, benefit-benefit, rank-rank, wedding-marriage, honor-praise, alive and well, such and such, off and on, spinning, spinning, asking, praying, sleeping, resting, lovingly expensive;
b) paired combinations of an antonymic nature, for example: purchase and sale, income-expenditure, export-import, acceptance-issue, questions-answers, hardness-softness of consonants, fathers-children, up-down, back and forth;
c) pair combinations based on associative connections, for example: songs-dances, mushrooms-berries, birds-fishes, tea-sugar, bread-salt, cups-spoons, knives-forks, hands-feet, name-patronymic, husband-wife, father-mother, brothers-sisters, grandfather- grandmother, water-feed, young-green.
2. Common homogeneous members of a sentence, especially if there are commas inside them, can be separated by a semicolon, for example: On the writing-table lay a heap of finely written papers covered with a heavy marble press; some old leather-bound book, which the owner, apparently, had not touched for a long time; an ink-stained pen with a nib that was no longer usable(G.). Wed: Raisky looked at the rooms, at the portraits, at the furniture, and at the greenery gazing cheerfully into the rooms from the garden; I saw a cleared path, everywhere cleanliness, order; listened to how half a dozen dining room, wall, bronze and malachite clocks alternately struck in all the rooms(Gonch.).
1. A dash is placed in an incomplete sentence, which is part of a complex sentence, in the case when the missing member (most often the predicate) is restored from the previous part of the phrase. You must pause at the point where you pass. For example:
They stood opposite each other. Mikhail - aloof and indifferent, Maria - with kindness in his eyes.
The purse was double - the inner one was made of fabric, the outer one was made of eco-leather.
War has a short way, love has a long way.
Outside the windows - snow, steppe expanse and expanse, on the bindings of the frames - traces of a night blizzard.
If there is no pause, then no dash is inserted. For example:
Stepan looked at them, and they looked at him.
Lolita examined Peter for a long time, and he examined her.
You do everything slowly, and I do it quickly.
2. A dash is placed in parts of a complex sentence of the same type with a omission or without any member, for example:
At the table, the neighbors spoke - unceremoniously, in a hurry to express as many words as possible, the owners - quietly and reluctantly.
Money disappears, work remains.
The concert ended, and the time has come for some to rejoice at the victory, for others to be sad about the loss.
3. The dash is placed in elliptical sentences of a special structure, the basis of which is formed by two members of the sentence - in the dative and accusative (less often nominative) cases, without a predicate, with a clear intonation division into two parts, for example:
To God - God's, to Caesar - Caesar's.
Each family has a separate apartment.
4. A dash is used in elliptical sentences when the author wants to emphasize the circumstance of the place (which is usually accompanied by a pause), for example:
Around the moon - pale circles.
Outside the night window - fog.
Olympic flame - on our land!
The answer is complete silence.
Above the square - low hanging dust, on the square - empty bottles of breech, pieces of cheap sweets.
If there is no pause, then the dash can be omitted, for example:
There are traces of unknown animals on unknown paths.
In the corner is an old leather armchair. In the other corner, behind the desk, is a wardrobe. Faded carpet on the floor.
1. Dash is put in the presence of a pause in the so-called elliptical sentences (independently used sentences with a missing predicate): To the left, in the corner, at the door, on a stool - a bucket of water for those who are thirsty(Rem.); Behind the gate - the third parade ground, drill, of extraordinary size(Cupr.); Men - for axes ...(A.T.); And you are with your daughter?(Fed.); And in the door - jackets, overcoats, sheepskin coats ...(M.); Behind the night window - fog(Bl.); Olympic flame - on our land!(gas.); In the role of offended - small children; And then - a moment's silence; Watermelons and melons - mountains; Cows - two; In response - complete silence; Ahead - A. Karpov.
In the absence of a pause in elliptical sentences, a dash is not put: And in the house there is a knock, walking ...(Gr.); Suddenly there is a deep rut in front of me(L.); The creak of steps along the white streets, the lights in the distance(Fet); Khokhol is on fire! (M.G.); Revolver on the table!(Tr.); On the right is the door to the next room, on the left is the exit to the terrace(this is how remarks are made in plays); This is the whole point.
2. Dash is put in incomplete sentences with parallelism of constructions (sentences or parts of a sentence): Her[literature] beauty is in truth, its main meaning is in truth(Kor.); In all the windows - curious, on the roofs - the boys(A.T.); Instead of bread - a stone, instead of teaching - a mallet(S.-SH.); Here - ravines, further - steppes, even further - desert, at the other end - forests, swamps, moss(Fed.); Turkin - further. Author - after(TV); And above this plow - all the dreams, and under this plow - the whole earth, and the soul - as in the first moment of goodbye, and the soul - like the sail of a ship(Bl.); Oh, I want to live insanely, to perpetuate everything that exists, to humanize the impersonal, to embody the unfulfilled!(Bl.); Fence - no. Gate - no. There are no borders. In front of the house - a flower garden, a fence, behind - a square courtyard strewn with fresh sand(Cat.); Milk soup - for the first, pancakes with cottage cheese - for the second.
3. Dash is put in incomplete sentences of a special structure, the basis of which is formed by two nouns - in the forms of the dative and accusative cases, without a subject and a predicate, with a clear intonational division into two parts: Skiers - a good base; Massam - culture; Youth - education. Usually such sentences are used as slogans and newspaper headlines.
4. Dash is put in dissected (two-term) headings, which are incomplete verbless sentences, in which there are words with the meaning of the subject of the action, object, circumstances, answering the questions “who - what?”, “Who - where?”, “What - where?” , “what - how?”, “what - where?” etc.: Masters of Arts - Youth; Tourism is for everyone; Detachments - on the road; Heroes - nearby; Cares and joys - in half; New books are hot.
5. Dash is put in an incomplete sentence, which is part of a complex sentence, when the missing member (usually a predicate) is restored from the previous part of the phrase and a pause is made at the gap: Yermolai fired, as always, victoriously; i am pretty bad(T.); A hummocky plain floated outside the car window, bushes ran, the distant ones slowly, the near ones racing(A.T.); The voices of the officers were getting louder every minute, the words were sharper, the arguments were more irreconcilable.(Goal.); The world is illuminated by the sun, and man - by knowledge(last); Pick up a few more examples, which ones - it doesn't matter; In his eyes - how to get rid of me as soon as possible; Now I understand why he attracts everyone - inflexibility; We set to work cheerfully, they - even with enthusiasm; It was difficult to determine which of them was right and which was wrong.(cf. without auxiliary verb: It was difficult to establish who was right and who was wrong); Some voted in favor of the proposed resolution, while others voted against it.(cf.: Some voted for, others against.); It was dangerous to go further through the quagmire, to stay too; Only steel alloys can withstand such a temperature, and from light metals - only titanium alloys; Great construction work was ahead, and most importantly, the construction of a water supply system; You have been here for a long time, and I - only a few days; Some work, understanding their business as common to all, others - trying to benefit only for themselves; Passengers ... stuffed suitcases, bags, bundles, carried pillows, some - to lie with their heads away from the window, some - to head to the window(Ros.); The pockets were double: inner - made of linen, outer - made of gray calico(South.); One sodium atom replaces one hydrogen atom, one zinc atom replaces two hydrogen atoms, and one aluminum atom replaces three hydrogen atoms.
In the absence of a pause, a dash is not put in the place where a sentence member is skipped: Yegorushka looked at him for a long time, and he looked at Yegorushka.(Ch.); From our battery, only Solyony will go on a barge, while we with a combat unit(Ch.); Alyosha looked at them, and they at him(Dost.); The thief has one sin, and the owner and I have ten(Sharp); …You make things long and I make things short(Leon.).
A dash in an incomplete sentence is put:
- in the presence of a pause in elliptical sentences (independently used sentences with a missing predicate): In front of me is space in its purest form (I. Brodsky); To Him is my sigh, to Him is my dream (3. Gippius). In the absence of a pause, the dash is not put: Young men think about the future, old people about the past (Proverb); I am now at the hotel (A. N. Tolstoy); Mozart and Salieri at the table (A. Pushkin) (this is how remarks in plays are usually arranged);
- in elliptical sentences of a special structure, the basis of which is formed by two nouns - in the dative and accusative cases, without a subject and a predicate, with a clear intonational division into parts: Motherland - our inspired work; Every person - basic education;
- in an incomplete sentence that is part of a complex sentence, when the missing member is restored from the previous part of the phrase and a pause is made at the gap: Learn courage from a scout, caution from a sapper (Proverb); To the north of the Oka, a wooded and marshy lowland stretches, to the south - the long-lived inhabited Ryazan lands (K. Paustovsky); The gaze gets stuck in the window, like a leaf in a fence (I. Brodsky). The dash also compensates for the missing link: My every step is burns and cuts (3. Gippius); The night was cloudy, the river was black (M. Gorky). In the absence of a pause, a dash is not put: Alyosha looked at them, and they looked at him (F. Dostoevsky);
- in parts of a complex sentence of the same type, when a member is omitted or even without a pass: Money disappears, work remains (M. Gorky); The journey is over, and it's time for some to go home, for others to collect and dry the kayaks.
- to indicate the place where a simple sentence breaks up into verbal groups, in order to clarify or emphasize the semantic relationships between the members of the sentence: But to separate the clean from the impure is not our right, believe me (I. Brodsky); I ask you: do the workers need to be paid?;
- between the members of the sentence to express surprise: A few minutes later the chains rattled, the doors opened and Shvabrin (A. Pushkin) entered.
- spatial: Moscow-Delhi plane; train St. Petersburg-Prague-Brussels;
- temporary: works of art of the XV-XVI centuries; Christmas holidays in December-January;
- quantitative: lend me a hundred or two hundred rubles (the same in numbers: 100-200).
A connecting dash is also placed between two or more proper names, the totality of which is called a certain doctrine, scientific institution, etc.: Boyle-Mariotte's physical law, Dynamo-Shakhtar football match.