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Planet of the solar system Mercury Completed by: Surmey Ya. Checked by: Maksimenko A.V.
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Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun in the Solar System, orbiting the Sun in 88 days. Mercury is an inner planet because its orbit is closer to the Sun than Earth's.
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History and name The oldest evidence for the observation of Mercury can be found in Sumerian cuneiform texts dating back to the third millennium BC. e. The planet is named after the god of the Roman pantheon Mercury, an analogue of the Greek Hermes and the Babylonian Naboo. The ancient Greeks of the time of Hesiod called Mercury "Στίλβων" (Stilbon, Brilliant). Until the 5th century BC e. the Greeks believed that Mercury, visible in the evening and morning sky, are two different objects. In ancient India, Mercury was called Buddha (ब ध) and Roginea. In Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese and Korean, Mercury is called the Water Star (水星) (in accordance with the concept of the "Five Elements". In Hebrew, the name of Mercury sounds like "Koha in Hama" (כוכב חמה) ("Solar planet").
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Physical Characteristics Mercury is the smallest terrestrial planet. Its radius is only 2439.7 ± 1.0 km, which is less than the radius of Jupiter's moon Ganymede and Saturn's moon Titan. The mass of the planet is 3.3 × 1023 kg. The average density of Mercury is quite high - 5.43 g / cm³, which is only slightly less than the density of the Earth. Considering that the Earth is larger in size, the value of the density of Mercury indicates an increased content of metals in its bowels. The free fall acceleration on Mercury is 3.70 m/s². The second space velocity is 4.3 km/s. Comparative sizes of Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars
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Orbital characteristics of Aphelion 69,816,927 km 0.46669733 AU e. Perihelion 46,001,210 km 0.30749909 a. e. Semi-major axis 57,909,068 km 0.38709821 a. e. Orbital eccentricity 0.20530294 Sidereal period 87.969 days Synodic period 115.88 days Orbital velocity 47.87 km/s Mean anomaly 174.795884° Inclination 3.38° (relative to the solar equator) Ascending node longitude 48.330541° Periapsis argument 29.124279° No satellites
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Physical Specifications Compression< 0,0006 Средний радиус 2439,7 ± 1,0 км Площадь поверхности 7,48×107 км² 0,108 Земных. Объём 6,083×1010 км³ 0,054 Земных Масса 3,3022×1023 кг 0,055 Земных Средняя плотность 5,427 г/см³ Ускорение свободного падения на экваторе 3,7 м/с² 0,38 g Вторая космическая скорость 4,25 км/с Скорость вращения (на экваторе) 10,892 км/ч Период вращения 58,646 дней (1407,5 часов) Наклон оси вращения 0,01° Прямое восхождение на северном полюсе 18 ч 44 мин 2 с 281.01° Склонение на северном полюсе 61,45° Альбедо 0,119 (Бонд) 0,106 (геом. альбедо)
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Surface The surface of Mercury in many ways resembles the moon - it is dotted with many craters. The density of craters varies in different areas. It is assumed that the more densely cratered areas are older, and the less densely dotted areas are younger, formed when the old surface was flooded with lava. At the same time, large craters are less common on Mercury than on the Moon. The largest crater on Mercury is named after the great German composer Beethoven, its diameter is 625 km. However, the similarity is incomplete - formations are visible on Mercury that are not found on the Moon. An important difference between the mountainous landscapes of Mercury and the Moon is the presence on Mercury of numerous jagged slopes stretching for hundreds of kilometers - scarps. The study of their structure showed that they were formed during the compression that accompanied the cooling of the planet, as a result of which the surface of Mercury decreased by 1%. The presence of well-preserved large craters on the surface of Mercury suggests that over the past 3-4 billion years there has not been a large-scale movement of sections of the crust, and there was no surface erosion, the latter almost completely excludes the possibility of the existence of any significant atmosphere. The surface resembles the moon (photo MESSENGER)
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Solar system. Earth group planets Mercury Venus Earth Moon Mars
Mercury
Mercury Basic data: Name - the Roman god of trade Distance from the Sun - 58 million km m Diameter - 4.8 km Density - 5.4 g / cm 2 Rotation period (1 day) - 59 Earth days Period of revolution around the Sun (1 year ) - 88 Earth days Orbit - ellipse Velocity - 47.3 km/s No satellites
Mercury Atmosphere and structure Temperature from -210 to +570 No change of seasons
Features and relief of Mercury
Mercury The earliest known fixation of Mercury in the Mul Apin tables (a collection of Babylonian astrological tables) was made by Assyrian astronomers around the 14th century BC. The Sumerian name UDU.IDIM.GU\U 4 .UD (“jumping planet”) is the god Ninurt, and in later records it is called “Nabu” in honor of the god of wisdom and scribal art Names In ancient Greece - Hermes Ancient Rome - Mercury ( Claudius Ptolemy) In ancient China - Chen-hsing, (Morning Star) In modern Chinese, Korean, Japanese and Vietnamese cultures - "Water Star" In Indian mythology - Budha Model of the movement of Mercury proposed by Ibn ash-Shatir History
The first telescopic observation by Galileo Galilei at the beginning of the 17th century. Although he observed the phases of Venus, his telescope was not powerful enough to observe the phases of Mercury. In 1631, Pierre Gassendi made the first telescopic observation of the passage of a planet across the solar disk. The moment of passage was calculated before by Johannes Kepler. In 1639, Giovanni Zupi, using a telescope, discovered that the orbital phases of Mercury are similar to those of the Moon and Venus. Observations have definitively demonstrated that Mercury revolves around the Sun. History of Galileo Galilei Pierre Gassendi Mercury
Research automatic interplanetary spacecraft US Mariner -10 was launched November 3, 1973 flew up to Mercury March 29, 1974 Mariner-10 transmitted images of Mercury during three flights with an interval of six months March 1974 September 1974 March 1975 Result: 45% of the planet's surface was explored Mercury
automatic interplanetary spacecraft "MESSENGER" Since tart august 2004 In orbit January 2008 Total - 1231 images, including previously unobserved areas. Research Mercury
On January 18, 2008, a contract signing ceremony for the production of the BepiColombo spacecraft took place in Germany . Arrival at Mercury scheduled for August 2019 Mercury Exploration
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- Mercury, the planet closest to the Sun, is difficult to study because it is mostly lost in its rays. Therefore, the initial ideas about Mercury were largely erroneous.
- It is named after the Roman god Mercury, who was considered the messenger of the gods and was the fastest in the world. The most famous attribute is his winged sandals and a golden rod in his hand.
- Pictures of the space probe "Mariner-10" 1974-1975. showed that the surface of the planet is similar to the moon
- Moon is on the right
Mercury is on the left.
- When Mercury is seen in the sky away from the Sun, then through a telescope, it appears as the Moon in the first or last quarter, i.e. like a semicircle.
- All of Mercury is pitted with the same craters. Like the moon, and just as thick.
- By decision of the International Astronomical Union, craters on Mercury are named after cultural figures: writers, poets, artists, sculptors, composers. / Beethoven, Tolstoy, Shakespeare, Dostoevsky /
- Unlike the Moon, Mercury is characterized by scarps.
- Escarps are long ledges, similar to cliffs, but up to 3 km high.
General information about Mercury.
- The period of revolution of Mercury around the axis in relation to the stars is about 59 days!
- The temperature of the surface of the side of the planet, turned to the star, reaches + 427 ° С
- Due to the lack of an atmosphere, the surface in the shade quickly cools down to -173°C on the night side. .
- The average density of Mercury is 5.4 g/cm
General information about Mercury.
- The mass of Mercury is almost 20 times less than the mass of the Earth.
- Mercury is even smaller than some of the moons of Jupiter and Saturn.
- Mercury has no natural satellites.
FGOU SPO "Michurinsky Agrarian College"
Performed:
1st year student of group 13
full-time department
Platonova Kristina Mikhailovna
Mercury, the planet closest to the sun
Diameter 4800 km.;
The average distance from the Sun is 0.387 astronomical units (58 million km);
Period of circulation 88 days;
The rotation period is 58.6 days;
- Mercury's surface is similar in appearance to that of the moon .
In the astronomical work “On the rotations of the celestial spheres”, Copernicus does not provide data on the observation of Mercury, which gave our ancestors reason to doubt the existence of the planet. Today, Mercury is one of the most studied planets in the system.
Mercury moves around the Sun in a rather strongly elongated elliptical orbit (eccentricity 0.205) at an average distance of 57.91 million km (0.387 AU). Mercury spends 87.97 days per orbit. The average speed of the planet in orbit is 48 km/s.
For a long time it was believed that Mercury is constantly facing the Sun with the same side, and one revolution around its axis takes the same 87.97 days. Observations of detail on the surface of Mercury, made at the limit of resolution, did not seem to contradict this. The truth was revealed only in the mid-1960s, when radar was carried out. A sidereal day is equal to 58.65 Earth days, that is, 2/3 of a Mercury year. This is a unique phenomenon in the solar system. In one Mercury year, Mercury has time to rotate around its axis by one and a half revolutions. As a result, a solar day on Mercury lasts two Mercury years or three Mercury sidereal days of Mercury.
Mercury receives 7 times more solar energy than Earth. The surface temperature on the sunny side can rise up to 400 degrees Celsius! At the same time, the shady side is dominated by severe frost (-200 degrees Celsius).
Scientists suggest that the planet has an iron core, which accounts for 80% of the total mass of this celestial body. According to hypotheses, 3 billion of our Earth years ago, a period of volcanic activity ended on Mercury, after which its surface was changed only by cosmic collisions with meteorites.
The surface of Mercury is dotted with many craters. The density of craters varies in different areas. The largest crater on Mercury is named after the great German composer Beethoven, its diameter is 625 km.
On Mercury there are numerous jagged slopes stretching for hundreds of kilometers - scarps. The study of their structure showed that they were formed during the compression that accompanied the cooling of the planet, as a result of which the surface of Mercury decreased by 1%. The presence of well-preserved large craters on the surface of Mercury suggests that over the past 3-4 billion years there has not been a large-scale movement of sections of the crust, and there was no surface erosion, the latter almost completely excludes the possibility of the existence of any significant atmosphere.
One of the most noticeable details of the surface of Mercury is the Heat Plain (“Latin Caloris Planitia”). This crater got its name because it is located near one of the "hot longitudes".
The planet has an extremely rarefied atmosphere, the pressure of which is 5 × 1011 times less than the pressure of the earth's atmosphere. It consists of atoms - helium, sodium, oxygen, potassium, argon, hydrogen. The average lifetime of an atom in the atmosphere is about 200 days.
Mercury has a magnetic field, the strength of which is 300 times less than the strength of the Earth's magnetic field. The magnetic axis of Mercury is inclined to the axis of rotation of the planet by 12°.
Mercury is a rather difficult object to observe at high latitudes of the Earth due to the fact that it is always observed at dawn - morning or evening - against the background of the twilight sky, and quite low above the horizon, and the period of its best visibility (elongation) - comes several times per year (lasting about 10 days). Even during these periods, it is not easy to see Mercury with the naked eye. At low latitudes, Mercury is clearly visible.
On Mercury there are no seasons in the sense that we put into this concept on earth. Presumably, this is due to the fact that the axis of rotation of the planet is at right angles to the plane of the orbit. As a result, there are areas near the poles that the sun's rays never reach. A survey conducted by the Arecibo radio telescope suggests that there are glaciers in this cold and dark zone. The glacial layer can reach 2 m and is covered with a layer of dust
"Planet Uranus" - Giant canyons several kilometers deep. The rings of Uranus were accidentally discovered in 1977. Uranus' moons Oberon and Titania are very similar to each other. Giant planets. The major moons of Uranus are Titania, Oberon, Ariel, Umbriel. Data from Voyager 2. Uranus is barely visible to the naked eye.
"Mercury" - Research. Physical characteristics. Mercury is the first from the Sun, the innermost and smallest planet. Planet movement. Content. Mercury. Surface. Interesting Facts. Atmosphere and physical fields. Notes.
"Planet Pluto" - Club of dwarfs. New classification of celestial bodies. Pluto. General information. Major discoveries. Criteria. Pluto is a planet. Temperature. History of Pluto. Attack on Pluto. Pluto is stripped of its planet title. Map of the surface of Pluto.
"System of planets" - The rings of Saturn are formed by ice floes and stones. Rings. Pluto. The eighth planet from the Sun. Tiny cold planet. Satellite of Jupiter. Rings of Saturn. Comparative sizes. Test your knowledge. Twin planets. Dimensions of Jupiter and Earth. Planets. Jupiter. Saturn. Neptune. The largest planet. Uranus.
"Parade of planets" - Study of the processes occurring on the sun. Influence of the parade of planets on electromagnetic fields. Influence of an external electromagnetic field. The Maya called December 21, 2012 "the end of days." Parade of planets. The motion of the solar system relative to the plane of the galaxy. Possible reactions of planet Earth to the upcoming parade of planets.
"Pluto Explorations" - Opinions of scientists. satellite carrier. Satellite of Pluto. Spaceship. Information about Pluto. Planet Pluto and its satellite Charon. Analysis of scientific literature. Lecture "Creating a portfolio of project work." Planet Pluto. The technical condition of the device. The creative and productive thinking of a junior schoolchild has been implemented.